Amazing Paper About the Oxidation of Propionaldehyde to Propionic Acid, If you read the first page or two it actually says how much catalyst was needed for the amount of Propionaldehyde they oxidized. The only thing is they used both a cobalt halide salt and a manganese halide salt and found that the manganese halide catalyst was better (40% vs 60%)...they both are the best catalysts for this process so it will be a group decision if we want to change our catalyst...
Prices and MSDS from Alfa Aesar which seems to be a large supplier of Cobalt II iodide
Prices: http://www.alfa.com/en/gp140w.pgm
MSDS
-Mrunal
Amazing Paper About the Oxidation of Propionaldehyde to Propionic Acid, If you read the first page or two it actually says how much catalyst was needed for the amount of Propionaldehyde they oxidized. The only thing is they used both a cobalt halide salt and a manganese halide salt and found that the manganese halide catalyst was better (40% vs 60%)...they both are the best catalysts for this process so it will be a group decision if we want to change our catalyst...
Thanks
-Alex
Price Quote: http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/230384875/Cobalt_powder.html
$55-80/kg = $24.94-36.28/lb
-Sabah
Cobalt(II) Chloride:
causes cancer: http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/c4928.htm
Cobalt(II) Iodide:
price quote: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/material-science-products.html?TablePage=19295352
Cobalt(II) iodide anhydrous, powder, 99.999%
=> $98.90 for 1,5 g in ampule
Cobalt(II) iodide 95%, powder
=> $51.90 for 1,5 g in ampule
Carbonylation Temps: http://books.google.com/books?id=4KHzc-nYPNsC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=cobalt+halide+oxidation+of+propionaldehyde&source=bl&ots=rcL7zGGLXM&sig=66LDOv1nVKSLkijl57VI6_-sjOg&hl=en&ei=rTRTTbbGHYT68Ab-2KnECg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cobalt%20halide%20oxidation%20of%20propionaldehyde&f=false
-Alex
This link has some information on cobalt oxide catalyst: http://www.joyindustries.com/cobalt_oxide.htm
How its made: http://www.jproeng.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/206528.pdf
Pretty good link: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P363.pdf
to confirm that its a good option: http://www.thecdi.com/general.php?r=12ENJWIVAD
Nickel Catalyst:
Price Quote: http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/296594900/Carbonyl_Nickel_Powder.html
$31-38/kg = $14.06-17.23/lb
-Alex
NEW: Arsine, a coal derived gas, can poison Ni: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W80-43N7TH3-P&_user=10&_coverDate=12/31/1991&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1630905502&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=849b429578fc3d2cf6122794d4609c1d&searchtype=a
info on arsine: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/pres/jcs/1986/00000024/00000010/art00008
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WHJ-4CFY6PW-4R&_user=186797&_coverDate=03/31/1977&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000013678&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=186797&md5=f6451c58f9bd577b9fc85b950483b1d4&searchtype=a
Use less than 5 ppm for 6 hours of sulfur
http://books.google.com/books?id=JDR-nZpojeEC&pg=PA1137&lpg=PA1137&dq=temperature+of+hydrocarboxylation+nickel+carbonyl&source=bl&ots=-ghpuhpwRJ&sig=LNwtJmFMQ3MUn4oihCXldle7Mtc&hl=en&ei=52hHTaetL4OclgeB6PnGBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=temperature%20of%20hydrocarboxylation%20nickel%20carbonyl&f=false
Link states that hydrocarboxylation with NiCO catalyst can take place under the mild conditions of 160 degrees celcius and 50 atm, contrary to the previous ranges found.
Catalyst Poisons:
Alkali poisons cobalt (pg 6) :http://www.megacarbon.com/synfuels/literature/FT%20catalysts.pdf
K2CO3 poisons cobalt (pg 11)
The second point in the conclusions section of the poisons pdf has a lot to do with our catalysts as well as our process.
A short description of how reactivate a poisoned Ni catalyst is: http://www.ehow.com/how_2085600_treat-nickel-poisoning.htm
Sulphur: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8GYB-4V99SF1-8&_user=10&_coverDate=12/31/1987&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1623986971&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=88897f6f82717f9ec2a4bf4f841f9028&searchtype=a
· To make propionic acid catalyst is needed.
o Catalyst: nickel carbonyl
§ Adding halogens, such as iodine and phosphine ligands lowers reaction conditions to (Reppe):
· 10-35 bars
· 175-225 C
· http://books.google.com/books?id=OUGVPYqtnNgC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=production+of+propionic+acid+from+ethylene&source=bl&ots=J9sXEmfujH&sig=o_gTM7nyEEqnZTprNTMkz76gPNI&hl=en&ei=zbc4Ta7zEIT58Aah6eHOCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=production%20of%20propionic%20acid%20from%20ethylene&f=false
o Ruthenium containing compound and cobalt halide
§ Ruthenium reduces tumor growth
· http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/69/13/5458.full
§ Ruthenium is a minor component in these ores and therefore is a relatively rare element.
· http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenium
· Rare and expensive - Decided not to utilize Ru based Catalyst (Dr. Meyer)
§ Cobalt halide is not rare.
· Toxicity?
· Cobalt fluoride